The National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) has released the updated Class 12 syllabus for the 2025-26 academic year. Students intending to take the October 2025 examinations should download this ...

ISC Class 12 Biology Exam 2026 was conducted on 6 March 2026 from 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Biology is an important subject for Class 12 ...

Somatic mutations are changes to the DNA sequence that arise in non-reproductive cells during a plant’s lifetime, generating genetic mosaicism within leaves, stems and roots. In plants, the absence of ...

Mutation dynamics in bacterial populations underpin the generation of genetic diversity that drives adaptation, speciation and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Spontaneous base substitutions ...