When judging the quality of metal products, there are things that cannot be determined by appearance or dimensions ...

Fundamentally, hardness testing determines the resistance a material exhibits in response to the permanent deformation of another material’s penetration. If I take a piece of metal and rub something ...

When designing metal parts, it's important to specify their hardness. However, many engineers have only a shaky understanding of what hardness actually is, or how it's measured. There are good reasons ...

I have been working in heat treatment, but I have nothing to objectively prove my skills.”“I understand quenching and tempering, but I lack confidence when it comes to phase diagrams and metal ...

If you enjoyed this article, I’d like to ask for your support. Scientific American has served as an advocate for science and industry for 180 years, and right now may be the most critical moment in ...

THE hardness of metals, as Dr. Hugh O'Neill once said, like the storminess of seas, is easily appreciated but not readily measured. Prof. Lea has attempted to describe the various methods of measuring ...