Functional data analysis (FDA) is the branch of statistics that treats individual observations as continuous functions, curves or surfaces rather than as finite-dimensional vectors. Central to FDA are ...

Multivariate statistical inference encompasses techniques for analysing and drawing conclusions from data in which multiple interrelated variables are observed simultaneously. Unlike univariate ...

In the 21st century, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a valuable approach in data science and a growing influence in medical research, 4-6 with an accelerating pace of innovation. This ...