It is possible to reduce the biological noise to a desired level. Without any control mechanism, external stimuli cause the population-level average of cellular outputs to shift. Existing control ...

Why does cancer sometimes recur even after successful treatment, or why do some bacteria survive despite the use of powerful antibiotics? One of the key culprits identified is "biological ...

All cells in the body contain the same DNA, but different cell types express different genes; skin cells express genes for the skin, liver cells express liver genes, and so on. This coordination is ...